Clever cockatoos learn through social interaction
Sydney, Friday 23 July 2021: For the first time, a team of international scientists have proven that cockatoos, an iconic Australian bird, learn from each other a unique skill – lifting garbage bin lids to gather food. The world-first research published today in Science, confirms that cockatoos spread this novel behaviour through social learning.
Led by Dr. Barbara Klump and Dr. Lucy Aplin (Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior), along with Dr. John Martin (Taronga Conservation Society) and Dr. Richard Major (Australian Museum), the team have shown that this behaviour by cockatoos is actually learnt, rather than a result of genetics.
Lead author, Dr. Barbara Klump, said social learning is the basis of different regional cultures, and some animals, such as primates and birds, appear to learn socially.
“Children are masters of social learning. From an early age, they copy skills from other children and adults. However, compared to humans, there are few known examples of animals learning from each other,” Dr Klump said.
“Demonstrating that food scavenging behaviour is not due to genetics is a challenge,” Klump added.
However, a few years ago, Dr. Richard Major shared a video with senior author Dr. Lucy Aplin, showing a Sulphur-crested Cockatoo opening a closed garbage bin. The cockatoo used its beak and foot to lift the heavy lid and shuffle along the side to flip it over, accessing a rich reward of leftover food.
Dr. Aplin, who was then researching at Oxford University and has since moved to the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior in Germany, and Dr. Klump were fascinated by the footage.
"It was so exciting to observe such an ingenious and innovative way to access a food resource, we knew immediately that we had to systematically study this unique foraging behaviour,” Dr Klump said.
Dr. Major, Senior Principal Research Scientist at the Australian Museum Research Institute has spent more than 40 years studying Australian bird species such as the noisy miner, the infamous ‘bin-chicken’ white ibis, and cockatoos.
“Like many Australian birds, Sulphur-crested Cockatoos are loud and aggro, and often act like a pack of galahs. But they are also incredibly smart, persistent and have adapted brilliantly to living with humans,” Dr Major said.
Dr. John Martin, a Research Scientist at Taronga Conservation Society, who has worked alongside Dr. Major on many urban bird projects, explained how the research was conducted.
“Australian garbage bins have a uniform design across the country, and Sulphur-crested Cockatoos are common across the entire east coast. The first thing we wanted to find out is if cockatoos open bins everywhere.”
“In 2018, we launched an online survey across Sydney and Australia with questions such as, ‘What area are you from, have you seen this behaviour before, and if so, when?’ The survey ran for two years and helped us determine how the behaviour spread to other cockatoos in Sydney, importantly we’ll be continuing this survey in Spring 2021” Dr Martin said.
By the end of 2019, residents from 44 areas observed the bin-opening behaviour showing that it had spread rapidly and widely.
Further analysis of the survey results showed that the behaviour reached neighbouring districts more quickly than districts further away, indicating that the new behaviour wasn't popping up randomly across Sydney.
"These results show the animals really learned the behaviour from other cockatoos in their vicinity," Dr Klump said.
The researchers also marked around 500 cockatoos with small paint dots at three selected hot spots to enable the identification of individual birds, allowing the researchers to observe which birds could open bins. It turned out that only around ten percent could do so, most of which were males. The rest waited until the “pioneers” opened the garbage bins to then help themselves.
There was one exception, however: in late 2018, a cockatoo in northern Sydney reinvented the scavenging technique itself. Birds in neighbouring districts then copied the behaviour.
“We observed that the birds do not open the garbage bins in the same way, but rather used different opening techniques in different suburbs, suggesting that the behaviour is learned by observing others,” Dr Klump said.
The scientists interpreted the results as an emergence of regional subcultures.
The scientists hope that their findings will also generate a broader understanding of urban living animals.
"By studying this behaviour with the help of local residents, we are uncovering the unique and complex cultures of their neighbourhood birds,” Klump said.
Dr. Martin said Sydney and Australian residents can continue to help the research by participating in the Big City Birds citizen science program.
“Cockatoos are in-your-face winners with attitude - full of life, humour, and mischief, but always showing keen intelligence, natural curiosity and proven adaptability. Through this research and other projects, we are building a comprehensive picture of our native wildlife so that we can continue to share our nieghbourhoods and have our lives enriched by the wonder of birds,” Dr Major said.
This research was funded by grants from the National Geographic Society and the Max Planck Society
Lead Author contacts;
- Dr. Barbara Klump, MPI of Animal Behavior, +49 1745871061, bklump@ab.mpg.de
- Dr. Lucy M. Aplin, MPI of Animal Behavior,+49 7732 1501-13, laplin@ab.mpg.de
- Dr. John Martin, Taronga Conservation Society, +61 447487094 jmartin@zoo.nsw.gov.au
- Dr. Richard Major, Australian Museum; 0468 726 910 Claire.vince@australian.museum
Original publication:
- Science: 23 July, 2021, Innovation and geographic spread of a complex foraging culture in an urban parrot
https://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.abe7808
Barbara C. Klump, John M. Martin, Sonja Wild, Jana K. Hörsch, Richard E.Major and Lucy M. Aplin
Images and videos here.
